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The Grey Wolves ((トルコ語:Bozkurtlar)),〔 officially known as Ülkü Ocakları〔 (; "Idealist Clubs" or "Idealist Hearths"), is a Turkish nationalist organization. It is variously described as ultra-nationalist or neo-fascist.〔〔〔〔 Formally a youth organization with close links to the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), it has been described as MHP's "militant youth arm",〔 "unofficial militant arm",〔 and "paramilitary and terrorist wing".〔 Established by Colonel Alparslan Türkeş in the 1960s, it was the main nationalist force during the political violence in 1976–80 in Turkey. During this period, the organization became a "death squad"〔 engaged in "street killings and gunbattles".〔 According to authorities, 220 of its members carried out 694〔〔 murders of left-wing and liberal activists and intellectuals.〔 Attacks on university students were commonplace. They killed hundreds of Alevis in the Maraş massacre of 1978〔〔 and are alleged to have been behind the Taksim Square massacre of 1977.〔〔 The masterminds behind the attempt on Pope John Paul II's life in 1981 by Grey Wolves member Mehmet Ali Ağca were not identified and the organization's role remains unclear. Due to these attacks the Grey Wolves have been described by scholars and journalists as a terrorist organization.〔〔 A staunchly Pan-Turkist organization, in the early 1990s the Grey Wolves extended their area of operation into the post-Soviet states with Turkic and Muslim populations. Up to thousands of its members fought in the Nagorno-Karabakh War on the Azerbaijani side, and the First and Second Chechen Wars on the Chechen side. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize power in Azerbaijan in 1995, they were banned in that country.〔 Kazakhstan in 2005 also banned the organization, classifying it as a terrorist organization. Under Devlet Bahçeli, who assumed the leadership of MHP and Grey Wolves after Türkeş's death in 1997, the organization has been reformed.〔 Despite this, its members have been involved in a number of violent attacks and incidents directed mostly against Kurds. The organization has also been active in the Turkish-controlled portion of Cyprus. It has affiliated branches in several Western European countries with significant Turkish populations, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. In Germany, they are the largest〔 far-right organization with at least 10,000〔 members and are monitored by the authorities as an extremist organization.〔 According to sociologist Doğu Ergil, the Grey Wolves are supported by 3.6 percent of the Turkish electorate as of 2014.〔 ==Name and symbolism== The organization's informal name is inspired by the ancient legend of Asena, a she-wolf in the Ergenekon, a myth associated with Turkic ethnic origins in the Central Asian steppes.〔 In Turkey, the wolf also symbolizes honor.〔 The Grey Wolves have a "strong emphasis on leadership and hierarchical, military-like organisation."〔 The Grey Wolves and MHP supporters are known for their hand sign, which represents a wolf head. It is made by holding up the forefinger and little finger. However, according to commentator Mehmet Ali Birand, the sign is not exclusively used by Grey Wolves members.〔 The Grey Wolves use, what scholar Ahmet İnsel calls, "fascist slogans imported from America", such as "Love It or Leave It!" (''Ya Sev Ya Terk Et!'') and "Communists to Moscow" (''Komünistler Moskova'ya''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grey Wolves (organization)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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